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The Throne of Solomon is the throne of King Solomon in the Hebrew Bible, and is a motif in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Hebrew Bible[edit]
The term 'throne' is used both literally and metonymically in the Hebrew Bible.
As a symbol for kingship, the throne is seen as belonging to David, or to God Himself. In 1 Kings 1:37 Benaiah's blessing to Solomon was 'may the LORD... make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David'; while in 1 Chronicles 29:23 we are told 'Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king'.
Literally, the throne as Solomon's seat of state is described in 1 Kings 10:
18 Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the finest gold. 19 There were six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was round behind; and there were arms on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the arms. 20 And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps; there was not the like made in any kingdom. JPS 1917
According to I Kings 7:7, Solomon's throne was placed in the Porch of Judgment, being actually an audience chamber where the king sat in judgment. Its floors were paved with cedar wood. In the Aramaic translation it is described as being an anteroom or vestibule, called 'porch of the pillars.'
Judaism[edit]
A Jewish tradition holds that the throne was removed to Babylon, then Ahasuerus sat on the throne of Solomon.[1] Another tradition holds that six steps related to six terms for the earth.[2][3] According to the Targum Sheni of Megillat Esther, Solomon's throne was one of the earliest mechanical devices invented, with movable parts. When it was transferred to Persia some centuries later and used in the palace of Ahasuerus, it ceased to work. It has been described as a throne overlaid with gold, and studded with jewels; emeralds, cat's eye, the Baghdadi onyx, pearls and marble. It was ascended by many steps, the sides of which were aligned with twelve sculptured lions of gold, before whom were golden sculptures of eagles, the right paw of each lion set opposite the left wing of each eagle. As one approached the top of the staircase, there were another six steps directly in front of the semi-circular throne, each step with a pair of sculpted animals, each in gold; the first step having a couching bull opposite a lion; the second a wolf on its haunches opposite a sheep; the third a panther opposite a camel; the fourth an eagle opposite a peacock; the fifth a wildcat opposite a cock; the sixth a hawk opposite a pigeon. Above the throne was a seven-branched candlestick which afforded light, each branch bearing a sculpted image of the seven patriarchs: Adam (the first man), Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job among them.
Above the throne was also a sculpted design showing seventy golden seats upon which sat the seventy members of the Sanhedrin, adjudicating in the presence of King Solomon. At the two sides of King Solomon's ears were fixed two fish of the sea. At the very top of Solomon's throne were fixed twenty-four golden wings that provided a protective shade and covering for the king, and whenever the king wished to ascend his throne, the bull on the first step would, by a movable, mechanical contraption, outstretch its forearm and place the king upon the second step, and so-forth, until he ascended the sixth step, upon which ascension mechanical eagles then descended and lifted-up the king, placing him upon his throne.
Christendom[edit]
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The New Testament speaks only of the 'throne of David,' as in the angel Gabriel's message in Luke 1:32 in relation to the Davidic line, and notably the Gospel of Luke gives the descent of Jesus via Nathan (son of David), not Solomon. In religious tradition the Seat of Wisdom in Roman Catholic tradition is associated with Solomon, and in art, such as the Lucca Madonna (van Eyck), which portrays the Virgin sitting on the throne of Solomon.
A 'Throne of Solomon' was also among the Solomonic objects of the Byzantine Court at Constantinople.[4][5]
The Throne of Charlemagne, or Royal Throne at Aachen (Aachener Königsthron) is a throne erected in the 790s by Charlemagne, as one of the fittings of his palatine chapel in Aachen. Until 1531, it served as the throne of the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors and the King of the Romans, being used at a total of thirty-one coronations. As a result, especially in the eleventh century, it was referred to as the totius regni archisolum ('Archstool of the Whole Realm').[6] Charlemagne himself was not crowned on this throne, but instead in the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by Pope Leo III. The throne was modeled after the throne of Solomon.
The Throne Chair of Denmark was also inspired by the throne of Solomon.
Various depictions in sacred art such as stained glass windows, frescoes, and paintings depict the throne and the king.
Islam[edit]
The throne of Solomon featured both in Islamic commentary, and art, including mosque decoration.[7]
The concept has given rise to various geographical names:
- Ghasre Abu-Nasr (Abu-Nasr Palace) or Takht e Sulayman (Throne of Solomon), archeological remains in Shiraz, Iran
- Takht-e Soleyman District (بخش تخت سلیمان, meaning the 'Throne of Solomon'), district in West Azerbaijan, Iran
- Takht-e Soleymān (تخت سلیمان, Takht-e Soleymān, 'Throne of Solomon') archaeological site in West Azarbaijan, Iran
- Takht-e-Sulaiman Solomon's Throne (Urdu, Pashto : تخت سليمان, from Persian : 'Solomon 's throne') peak in Balochistan
- Takht-e-Sulaiman, Sulayman Mountain, peak in Osh, Kyrgyzstan
- Throne of Solomon (Srinagar, Kashmir), Takht-i-Sulaiman, temple ruin on top of Koh-i-Sulaiman near Dal Lake
The Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan was commissioned to underscore his position as the just king.
Dar al-Hadith (Kursi Sulaiman) or Station of King Solomon
This is most likely a memorial that was probably built to commemorate the Prophet Sulaiman (biblical Solomon). It is located within the plaza of Haram al-Sharif, which supports its eastern wall. Kursi, which means chair, is an odd name for a building, and possibly relates to the spur of the Rock against which it is erected. The building itself is undated, but is clearly a mid-16th century foundation, as the shape of the two shallow domes covering the building are associated with the Ottoman period.[8]
The facade of Sulaiman’s tomb in al-Aqsa enclave. Additionally, a cavetto frieze situated above the mihrab is identical to one found over the mihrab in the al-'Imara al-'Amira complex (959/1552), suggesting that Kursi Sulaiman (the 'throne of Solomon') was built around that time. The building has three facades visible from the Temple Mount and the eastern facade is integrated in the eastern wall of Haram al-Sharif compound. A marble slab inspect over the main northern entrance to the structure reads the first verse of Surah Isra mentioning the Night Journey of prophet Muhammad. It was decorated with Surah Neml Verse 30 “Indeed, it is from Solomon, and indeed, it reads: 'In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful”.[9]
The building has a large hall divided into different areas, one of which is the prayer area with a mihrab. It is surmounted by two shallow domes. The hall also includes a symbolic tomb which might allude to the tomb of Sulaiman or his throne. The building is presently used as an institute for Hadith.[10] (https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_solomon)
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Myres, David, 'A Grammar of Architectural Ornament in Ottoman Jerusalem', in Auld, S. & R. Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem, The Living City 1517-1917, Part II, 2000, pp. 1087-1109.
Auld, S. & R. Hillenbrand, : Ottoman Jerusalem. The Living City 1517-1917, The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Altajir World of Islam Trust, (2000).
Chair of Solomon (الكرسي سليمان). Retrieved April 11, 2019, from http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;pa;Mon01;10;ar
See also[edit]
- Walls of Jerusalem National Park with Solomon's Throne peak
References[edit]
- ^Alexei M. Sivertsev Judaism and Imperial Ideology in Late Antiquity 2011- Page 22 'The tradition that Ahasuerus sat on the throne of Solomon was already known by the mid-third century. ... On the title cosmocrator in Rabbinic literature, see Krauss, Paras we-Romi, 87–89; Shimoff, “Hellenization among the Rabbis,”184–85.'
- ^Joseph Verheyden The Figure of Solomon in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Tradition 2012 Page 132 'Six steps lead up to the throne in reference to the six terms for the earth (Erez, Adamah, Arqa, Ge, Zia, Neshiah—Tebel is not included here), the six .. ... a king. it had six steps and it rose above these six steps, and it had six paths each with six steps, and on each step were two lions and one ...
- ^Shmuel Safrai, Peter J. Tomson The Literature of the Sages -2006 Volume 2 - Page 182 'The teachings of the Babylonian rabbis... the allegorical significance of the six steps to the throne of Solomon; the throne in captivity (1:12);'
- ^Kieckhefer, Richard (1989). Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN9780521309417.
visited the imperial court at Constantinople and reported on the marvelous Throne of Solomon displayed there
- ^Tougher, Shaun (1997). The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People. Leiden: Brill. p. 124. ISBN9789004108110.
One of the most intriguing Solomonic objects kept at Constantinople was the throne of Solomon, which is named only by the Book of Ceremonies.
- ^Roth 2011, p. 38.
- ^Finbarr Barry Flood The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayad ...2001 - Page 85 '... manifestation of the golden vine-tree in such a context is, however, in connection with the fabled throne of Solomon.'
- ^[Al-Natsheh, Yusuf, 'Kursi Sulaiman (after 1017/1608),' in Auld S. & R. Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem. The Living City 1517-1917, Part II, 2000, pp. 953-957.
- ^[https://qudsinfo.com/pics/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81/
- ^[https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_solomon
External links[edit]
Media related to Throne of Solomon at Wikimedia Commons
King Tut Throne – The Golden Throne of Tutankhamen
The King Tut Throne is one of the most magnificent articles among the copious treasures of Tutankhamen discovered by Howard Carter in November, 1922. Also known as Tut’s Golden Throne, the name may be a light misnomer, since it’s likely that it was an auxiliary royal seat for the boy king. Also, the King Tut Throne is actually made primarily of wood, not gold, though it is beautifully overlaid in sheet gold and silver, further adorned with semi-precious stones, glaze, and colored glass.
King Tut Throne – A National Treasure of Egypt
Besides its priceless value as a national treasure of Egypt and a solitary archeological wonder, the King Tut Throne is also amazingly instructive concerning the position a Pharaoh of Egypt occupied, who he and his subjects believed he was, and what his expectations were concerning heaven, earth, and the afterlife. Let’s take a look at a few of the throne’s details and see what we discover about the ancient Egyptians’ view of a god-king ruling on earth, and how much of God’s eternal truth was still present in Tut’s own belief system.
King Tut Throne – Comparisons between Pharaoh and GOD
The King Tut Throne follows the Amarna artistic tradition developed under Akhenaten, the lone Pharaoh that attempted to sway the nation to the worship of one god, the sun disc Aten. Akenaten’s movement was eventually overturned by later Pharaohs, but the prominence of the Aten continued as an appeasement to those in Egypt who worshiped it. Since this throne harkens back to the declining Amarna tradition, it is no surprise that one of its most prominent features is the placement of Aten top and center of the seat, with its life-giving, sustaining rays extending as arms and hands down towards Tutankhamen and his queen Ankhesenamun. This is one place on the throne where nothing but pure, unbroken, unadorned gold is used, since a deity as prominent as Aten would be represented whenever possible in the divine metal alone.
Further, if we look closely at the hands extending down from Aten, we can see that two of them hold the familiar symbol of the Ankh at the nostrils of Tut and his queen. In ancient Egypt, the ankh represented divine life or eternal life, and so it’s not too difficult to see here the imagery of divine life being imparted to the nostrils of the divine king and his queen.
Even if we stopped right here, we have to marvel at how much the ancient Egyptians intuitively understood about the true God, and yet were too blinded by their worship of something less to realize it. From the very beginning, God has revealed Himself as One God, the supreme and sovereign Creator, who is the originator and sustainer of all things. And, for those who care to accept it, the Book of Genesis provides a written record of God creating the heavens themselves, including the highest thing that Akhenaten could imagine as supreme -- the sun.
Later, God will use humanity’s intuitive association of gold with deity to emphasize his identity as the true God when he reveals to Moses the specifications for temple worship. In fact, if Moses indeed gave instructions according to what he saw, and not just what he heard, the dwelling place of the eternal God is decked out in more gold than even Tut himself could imagine.
Getting back to Genesis, it’s interesting that the Bible says specifically, “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being...” Unlike the representation on Tut’s Golden Throne, where divine life is imparted to the nostrils of the Pharaoh and his queen as privileged beings, the Bible claims that God personally imparted the “breath of life” -- the kind of life that He Himself possesses -- to every human being on earth. Like the life represented by the ankh, it is eternal, unending, and forever, but unlike the life pictured by the ankh and reserved for the Pharaoh, God’s true breath of life imparts significance to every person created in His image.
King Tut Throne – High and Exalted Above the Earth
Another thing to notice about the King Tut Throne is that it sits on spacers above the floor. What these blank, unadorned extensions represented was that although Pharaoh rules over the earth (translate, “Egypt” for all ancient Egyptians), he is not of the earth. He is above it, apart from it, and superior to it. He rules not only as man, but also as the son, or heir, to the throne of the god or gods in heaven, and co-equal with them. This is his destiny, his birthright, and his eternal position.
One other observation about Tut’s position on the golden throne: He has his feet on a footstool, similar to the one found among his actual treasures. This is significant because not only does the footstool maintain his separation from the earth and emphasize his position over it, the footstools of the pharaohs were adorned on all four sides by images of their enemies -- Nubians, Libyans, and Asiatics. These were the ancient peoples that surrounded Egypt or posed some kind of threat to her security. Further, the pharaoh often held a walking stick with the same imagery on its curved handle or knob, symbolizing that his enemies were perpetually delivered into his hand.
So, what kinds of connections can we find to the pure truth of God’s existence that predated Egypt’s love affair with its own power and privilege? Well, long before the pharaohs reigned on their thrones raised by clumsy spacers above the floor, the eternal God reigned over all His creation from His throne, in His palace -- or temple -- in heaven. Psalm 11:4 reads, “The Lord is in His holy temple, The Lord’s throne is in heaven.”
And the footstool? According to Psalm 110, somewhere in eternity past God proclaimed to a future ruler of His kingdom, one who would be co-equal with Him, “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for your feet.” According to the New Testament, this is one of the most pivotal promises in the Bible concerning the Messiah, the anointed one who would rightfully inherit God’s throne and rule righteously forever on His throne in His Temple on earth.
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